Parameters, Descriptions and Values

Parameter	Description	Value
$\rho$	Density of air at sea level	1.23 kg/m$^3$
$g$	Acceleration due to gravity	9.81 m/sec$^2$
$K_i$	Coefficient of induced power	$\sim$1.2
$\eta$	Conversion efficiency of fat to energy	.23
$e$	Energy density of fat	3.9 $\times 10^7$ J/kg
$R$	Respiratory power overhead rate fraction	$\sim$1.1

Variable	Description	Units
$v$	Velocity of flight	m/sec
$A_b$	Frontal area of body	m$^2$
$C_{Db}$	Coefficient of drag for bird body	.366 (pigeon) to .25 (goose)
$A_{wd}$	Area of wing disc	m$^2$
$m$	Mass of bird (with fat)	kg
$m_e$	`Empty,' or lean mass of bird	kg
$P(v)$	Power required for flight at speed $v$	J/sec
$F$	Fraction of bird mass which is fat	--

Physical Quantity	kg-m-s Units
mass	kg
speed	m/sec
acceleration	m/sec$^2$
force (Newtons)	N = 1 kg-m/sec$^2$
energy or work (Joules)	J = 1 N-m = 1 kg-m$^2$/sec$^2$
power	J/sec = N-m/sec = 1 kg-m$^2$/sec$^3$

Air Density as a Function of Altitude
meters ASL	0	500	1000	1500	2000	2500	3000	3500	4000	4500	5000
density kg/m$^3$	1.23	1.17	1.11	1.06	1.01	0.957	0.910	0.864	0.820	0.777	0.736

Migrant Lipid Indices (gm lipid/gm lean dry weight)
Species	Weight (gm)	Nonmigratory	Spring	Autumn
Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanensis)	6.8	.30	--	.87
Yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata)	12.5	0.18 - 0.68	0.55 - 0.84	--
Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)	21.0	0.33	--	0.77
Dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis )	21.0	0.18 - 0.61	0.41 - 0.44	--
White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)	28.0	0.17 - 0.85	--	0.20 - 0.68
Ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)	3.0	--	--	3.13 - 3.50
American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla )	10.0	0.18 - 0.26	0.34 - 0.43	0.73 - 1.29
Northern waterthrush (Seirus noveboracensis)	18.0	0.13	0.45	0.86 - 1.51
Blackpoll warbler (Dendroica striata )	24.0	--	--	3.42
Red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus )	25.0	0.15 - 0.28	0.54 - 0.67	0.74 - 4.36
Dickcissel (Spiza americana)	28.0	0.12 - 0.66	--	0.37 - 0.53
Scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea)	28.0	0.08 - 0.22	--	1.17 - 2.16
Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus)	45.0	--	0.87 - 0.97	2.73